Use-wear analysis is a key technique archaeologists use to understand artefacts recovered from archaeological sites. This method involves studying the wear patterns on tools. Microscopic traces are left on the surface every time a tool was used, for example, to cut meat or carve wood—tiny bits of material would leave scratches or polish the tools surface. These marks are provide empirical evidence to decipher how a tool was used in the past.

The benefits of use-wear analysis is to determine if a tool was used for cutting, scraping, grinding, or other purposes. For instance, polished areas on a stone knife might indicate use for cutting soft materials like meat or plant fibres. Deep, parallel scratches might suggest it was used for scraping hides or wood. These results provide information on ancient technologies, lifestyles, diet, and even trade networks. Each scratch contributes to the story of how people interacted with their environment and each other in the past.

Use-wear analysis can be applied to a wide range of artefacts, including stone, wood, bone, and shell. This methodology is completely non-destructive and non-invasive, as it relies solely on microscopic observation. It is also quick and a basic analysis can be conducted in the field.

In use-wear analysis, the choice of microscope can significantly impact the quality and detail of observations made on archaeological artefacts. There are typically two main types used: stereomicroscopes and portable USB microscopes, each with its own advantages and considerations. Stereomicroscopes offer high resolution for detailed use-wear identification but are bulky and need artefacts shipped to labs. Portable USB microscopes are handheld and allow field observations but offer lower resolution.

The most effective approach often involves using both types of microscopes. Stereomicroscopes are used for detailed, in-depth analysis; portable USB microscopes complement this by offering rapid initial assessments in the field, guiding decisions on which artefacts warrant further detailed examination. Combining both methods ensures comprehensive artefact study, adapting to specific needs for effective use-wear analysis.